provide an explanation of the organization and architecture of computer hardware and software

The second computer generation: Transistors

10:59 PM |

The second computer generation: Transistors

The second generation of computers starting from the transistors.

The biggest change in the first electronic computer caused the replacement of vacuum tubes by transistors. Transistors are smaller, cheaper, and smaller heat dissipation compared with vacuum tubes. If the vacuum tubes require a wire, plate, metal, glass and vacuum capsule, the transistor is a solid device (solid-state-device) which is made of silicon.

Ttransistor invented at Bell Labs in 1947 and in 1950 had launched the electronic revolution. But it was not until the late 1950s, computers were entirely made with transistors are already commercially available. The use of the transistor determines the second generation computers. It was agreed that the computer classification is based on the fundamental hardware technology used. Here's a brief resume of generation computer generation.

Generation 1, year 1946 to 1957 using vacuum technology with 40,000 operations per second.

Generation 2, years 1958-1964 using transistor technology with 200,000 operations per second.

Generation 3 years from 1965 to 1971 using the technology of small and medium scale integration operations per second with 1,000,000.

Generation 4, years 1972-1977 using large scale integration technology with 10 million operations per second.

Generation 5, 1978 and so on, using very large scale integration technologies.

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Computer IAS

9:32 PM |

Computer IAS

IAS memory of 1000 storage locations called word which each consist of 40 binary digits (bits). Data and instructions are also stored here. Because the data and instruction must be expressed in the form of binary code. Control Units operate IAS by taking instruction from the instruction memory and mengkesekusinya once. Both the ALU and control unit contains the location of the storage locations called registers:

1. Memory Buffer Register (MBR)

The MBR contains a word to be stored in memory or used to receive a word from memory.

2. Memory Address Register (MAR)

MAR is used to determine the address of a word in memory to be written to or read from MBR to the MBR.

3. Instruction Register (IR)

This IR contains 8-bit instruction code that will be executed.

4. Instruction Buffer Register (IBR)

IBR is used to temporarily store right next instruction word in memory.

5. Program Counter (PC).

PC contains the address of the next instruction pairs are retrieved from memory.

6. Accumulator (AC) and Multiplier-Quotient (MQ)

Used to temporarily store operands and results of operations of the ALU. For example, the result of multiplying two 40-bit numbers is a 80-bit number; 40 most significant bit (most significant bit) is stored in the AC and 40 less significant bits (least significant bit) is stored in the MQ.

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Computers First Generation: Vacuum Tube

3:02 AM |

Computers First Generation: Vacuum Tube

1. ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) was the first electronic digital computer for common needs that are designed and manufactured under the supervision of John Mauchly and John Presper Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania. ENIAC weighed 30 tons, the volume of 15,000 square feet and contains more than 18,000 vacuum tubes. That operations requires 140 kilowatts of electrical power that is able to perform 5000 additions per second. ENIAC is a decimal machine rather than a binary machine. That number represented in decimal numbers and arithmetic were made in the decimal system. Memory consists of 20 each akumulatornya accumulator which can accommodate 10-digit decimal number. Each digit is represented by a ring consisting of a vacuum tube. At any given moment only a vacuum tube are in a state of ON to represent one of the 10 digits. Disadvantages of this ENIAC is that this machine must be programmed manually by setting switches switches and installing and stripped wires. ENIAC was completed in 1946.

2. Von Neumann Machines

As the name suggests, this engine concept invented by mathematician Von Neumann, the consultant on the ENIAC project. This idea also made almost simultaneously by Turing. So they make a proposal by Von Neumann in 1945 for a new type of computer that is EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Computer). 1946 Von Neumann and his colleague started to design a new stored-program computer, known as IAS at the Institute of Advanced Studies Pricenton. Although it can not be completed in 1952, is the prototype for the IAS computer computer computer next general needs.

IAS computer consists of:

1. Main Memory

The main memory function is to store data and instruction instruction.

2. Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU)

ALU function to operate the binary data.

3. Control Unit

Control Unit serves to make the interpretation of the instruction - instruction in memory and cause the instruction is executed.

4. Input and Output are operated by a control unit.

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Computer History

4:31 PM |

COMPUTER HISTORY

Computer history can basically be divided into four generations :

1. First Generation : Vacuum Tube

2. Second Generation : Transistors

3. Third Generation : Integrated Circuit

4. Fourth and Fifth Generation based on the progress of technology development IC / Integrated Circuit .

A detailed description of the history of each generation computer please click here .

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CPU ( Central Processing Unit)

4:17 PM |

CPU ( Central Processing Unit )

The components of the CPU are :

1. Control Unit

The task of the Control Unit is controlling the operation of the CPU and in turn control the computer .

2. ALU ( Arithmetic Logic Unit )

The task of the ALU is a form of computer data processing functions

3. Register

The function of the registers are as internal storage for the CPU .

4. Interconnection CPU ( CPU Interconnection)

Interconnection CPU is a communication mechanism between the Control Unit , ALU , registers and registers .

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Harware and Computer Software